The potency of red onion skin flavonoids in acetaminophen-induced liver injury management: A biomolecular review

Acetaminophen is widely used as a fever and pain reliever drug. However, acetaminophen intoxication was common responsible for thousands of acetaminophen-induced liver injury (AILI) cases worldwide. It understood that glutathione (GSH) depletion causes deposit metabolites which are toxic to cells. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), therapy, has been reported cause side effects such nausea, vomiting, anaphylactic reaction. This narrative review aimed discuss other potential candidates in AILI management. The biomolecular approach investigate onion skin in-depth holistic discussion. According the results, peel extract rich flavonoids (quercetin kaempferol) potentially be candidate management through proposed mechanisms restoration reduced (GSH), inhibition cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, upregulation uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme, TLR4 activity.